The charismatic figures who could have opposed Laval, Georges Mandel,
Édouard Daladier, etc., were on board the ship Massilia, headed for
North Africa. On 10 July 1940 the National Assembly, composed of the
Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80 (known as
the Vichy 80, including 62 Radicals and Socialists), and 30 voluntary
abstentions, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Marshal Pétain.
By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new
constitution.